Earth Pulse

A phylogenetic tree, also known as a Dendrogram, is a diagram that depicts the evolutionary interrelationships of a collection of species that share a common ancestor. It is a visual representation of the interrelationship between diverse creatures, depicting the journey from a common ancestor to various descendants across evolutionary time. Trees may signify everything from the origins of life on Earth to individual members of society. Species trees can help us better understand how new species emerge from shared ancestors. The ancestor is found in the tree's "trunk," while creatures that have evolved from it are found in the tree's "branches." The distance between two groups reflects the degree of relationship between them. Speciation, or the creation of new species, is the starting point for the study of biological variety. Extinction will be the natural ending. Phylogenetic trees are hypotheses regarding the relationships between taxa. The evidence for t...

The term "limnology" is derived from the Greek word limne, which means "lake" or "pond," and Latin limnaea which means “thing pertaining to a marsh” hence it literally means "the study of lakes and ponds." The concept of limnology was established by the Swiss François-Alphonse Forel (1841–1912) in his revolutionary monograph Le Léman towards the end of the nineteenth century, and it quickly acquired popularity in Europe and North America. Forel is considered as the discipline's founder. Nowadays, limnologists spend a lot of time trying to comprehend lakes and rivers by combining concepts from geology, physics, chemistry, and biology. They also put a lot of effort into figuring out how people affect these vital ecosystems. Its definition has expanded to encompass not only lakes and ponds, but also streams and rivers, and it is now widely accepted to cover all sorts of inland waters. In several aspects, the contrast between limnology and oceano...

Drought, excessive temperature, salinity, and toxic substances are all abiotic stresses that plants face. Abiotic stressors cause abnormalities in the genetic control of cellular processes, which have a deleterious impact on plant physiology and morphology. Plants use a variety of tolerance mechanisms and pathways to counteract the impacts of stressors that arise when their metabolism is disrupted. Phytohormones are one of the most essential growth regulators; they have a significant impact on plant metabolism and are also critical in the stimulation of plant defense response systems in response to stress. Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, are small organic compounds or chemicals found in nature that regulate physiological processes in plants at very low concentrations. Phytohormones, in other words, are chemical messengers that help plants coordinate their cellular functions. Exogenous phytohormone supplementation has been used to aid growth and metabolism in stressed plant...

Plant metabolism is influenced by temperature. Temperature is one of the most essential determinants in deciding where plants will grow. It is important to note that temperature plays a significant influence in both the germination and subsequent flowering of seeds. Tropical plants germinate well at a higher temperature than temperate plants. Many temperate plants' growth and flowering can be influenced by exposing moistened seeds to low temperatures. A low temperature is required for many plants to blossom. Plants in this family remain vegetative during the warm season, and then grow and produce flowers and fruits during the winter. Vernalisation is described as a plant's qualitative or quantitative reliance on low temperatures to flowering. It is the artificial or natural induction of a plant's flowering process by exposing it to extended cold in the winter. Plants have gained the potential to flower after vernalisation, although they may require additional seasonal cues ...

Plasticity, or an organism's ability to modify its phenotypic in response to diverse situations, is a key feature that allows multicellular plants to adapt to fast changes in their surroundings. Plasticity is a quantitative feature that can provide a fitness benefit as well as to attenuate negative effects caused by environmental changes. Inter- and intra-species variations may reflect resource limitations and/or environmental stress factors when plants are subjected to heterogeneity in the environment due to new stress factors (i.e., climate change, land-use change, invasiveness). Plasticity in plant phenotypes is regarded to be one of the most important mechanisms by which plants may adapt to environmental factors that are constantly changing. However, the level to which phenotypic plasticity may aid survival in the face of changing environmental conditions is largely unclear due to often controversial results. As a consequence, species with greater adaptive plasticity may be mor...

Bioremediation is a procedure used to treat contaminated media, such as water, soil, and subterranean material, by adjusting environmental conditions to increase the growth of microorganisms and destroy the target pollutants. Bioremediation can be utilized to clean up contaminated groundwater or environmental issues like oil spills, acidic mine drainage-affected soils, underground pipe leaks, etc. Bioremediation works by encouraging the growth of microorganisms that feed on pollutants such as oil, solvents, and pesticides for food and energy. Enzymes found in microorganisms detoxify these toxic materials. Contaminants are converted to small amounts of water, as well as innocuous gases like carbon dioxide, by these microbes. The majority of bioremediation techniques include oxidation-reduction reactions, in which an electron acceptor (often oxygen) is used to induce oxidation of a reduced pollutant or an electron donor (typically an organic substrate) is used to reduce oxidized pollutan...